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Exam 7: Statistics: Making Sense of Uncertainty the Uncertainty of Science

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Question 1

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Whats the appropriate year of the event? -New England Journal of Medicine published a report that women have a 30-70 percent increased risk of breast cancer if they take hormone replacement therapy after menopause.

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1995

Question 2

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An unusual concentration of some kind of cancer, such as childhood leukemia, that alarms everyone in the community is referred to as which of the following?

A) Outbreak
B) Epidemic
C) Endemic
D) Cancer cluster

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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Question 3

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What p value has been arbitrarily taken as the criterion for a result to be considered statistically significant?

The field of risk perception is based on the fact that public reaction to calculated and published risk is usually rational.

whats the terms to the appropriate description. -Yields few false negatives

Which of the following expresses the probability that the observed result could have occurred by chance alone?

whats the following terms to the appropriate description. -Occur when the study finds an effect that is not real

Public health's mission to protect the population from disease and injury requires governments to minimize risks or at least weigh risks against expected benefits, just as individuals do in their own lives.

whats the terms to the appropriate description. -Occurs when the tumors that are detected by the screening are not likely to progress to the stage that they cause symptoms and be life threatening

Risk assessment can rely on either current or historical data.

For most public health screening programs, ___________________ tests are desirable in order to avoid missing any individual with a serious disease who could be helped by some intervention.

The numbers that describe the health of populations and the science that helps to interpret those numbers is referred to as _____________________.

Risk assessment ends when events and exposures have been identified.

As a result of the apparent irrationality o the public in response to risks that the experts estimated to be small, a field of study has developed concerning _____________________.

Studies of the change in the risk of breast cancer that comes with hormone replacement therapy have contradicted one another.

Science is often less definitive than people want it to be.

whats the following terms to the appropriate description. -Expresses the probability that the observed result could have occurred by chance alone.

Whats the appropriate descriptionof the term? -Weighs the estimated cost of implementing a policy against the estimated benefit

According to Aristotle, "the probable is what always happens."

Cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis are essentially the same thing.